Diabetes is a serious, common, costly, yet manageable disease. It is one of the top 10 leading
causes of death in the United States and affects almost 26 million Americans, with 18.8
million people diagnosed and an additional 7 million people still undiagnosed.1
People with diabetes face an array of health issues:
ƒ It is the leading cause of lower-limb amputation not related to trauma, new cases of
blindness, and kidney failure in the United States.
It also is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of death in
this country. About 68% of people with diabetes die from cardiovascular disease.1
In 2012, diabetes cost the nation an estimated $245 billion in direct and indirect costs.1
These current data tell an urgent story about the increasing rates of diabetes in the United
States, reflecting the need to integrate pharmacy, podiatry, optometry, and dentistry (PPOD)
providers into the health care team to deliver high-quality, integrated care.
Type 1 diabetes was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic
beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood
glucose. To survive, people with type 1 diabetes must have insulin delivered by injection or
a pump. This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease
onset can occur at any age. In adults, type 1 diabetes accounts for approximately 5% of all
diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may be autoimmune, genetic, or
environmental. There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Several clinical trials for
preventing type 1 diabetes are currently in progress or are being planned.1
Type 2 diabetes was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset
diabetes. In adults, type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes. It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin
properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce it.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of
gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.
African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans
and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes
and its complications. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, although still rare, is being
diagnosed more frequently among American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, and Asians/Pacific Islanders.1
Gestational diabetes is a form of glucose intolerance diagnosed in some women during
pregnancy. Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/
Latino Americans, and American Indians. Like type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM) is also more common among obese women and those with a family history of diabetes.1
During pregnancy, women with gestational diabetes require treatment to normalize maternal
blood glucose levels and avoid complications for the infant. After pregnancy, the glucose
metabolism problems of pregnancy may resolve in many women, but 5% to 10% of women
with gestational diabetes will have diabetes, usually type 2. Women who have had gestational
diabetes have a 20% to 50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5 to 10 years.1
Other types of diabetes result from specific genetic conditions (such as maturity-onset
diabetes of youth), surgery, drugs, malnutrition, infections, and other illnesses. These types
of diabetes account for 1% to 5% of all diagnosed cases.1
causes of death in the United States and affects almost 26 million Americans, with 18.8
million people diagnosed and an additional 7 million people still undiagnosed.1
People with diabetes face an array of health issues:
ƒ It is the leading cause of lower-limb amputation not related to trauma, new cases of
blindness, and kidney failure in the United States.
It also is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of death in
this country. About 68% of people with diabetes die from cardiovascular disease.1
In 2012, diabetes cost the nation an estimated $245 billion in direct and indirect costs.1
These current data tell an urgent story about the increasing rates of diabetes in the United
States, reflecting the need to integrate pharmacy, podiatry, optometry, and dentistry (PPOD)
providers into the health care team to deliver high-quality, integrated care.
Types of Diabetes
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic
beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood
glucose. To survive, people with type 1 diabetes must have insulin delivered by injection or
a pump. This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease
onset can occur at any age. In adults, type 1 diabetes accounts for approximately 5% of all
diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may be autoimmune, genetic, or
environmental. There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Several clinical trials for
preventing type 1 diabetes are currently in progress or are being planned.1
Type 2 diabetes was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset
diabetes. In adults, type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes. It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin
properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce it.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of
gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.
African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans
and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes
and its complications. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, although still rare, is being
diagnosed more frequently among American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, and Asians/Pacific Islanders.1
Gestational diabetes is a form of glucose intolerance diagnosed in some women during
pregnancy. Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/
Latino Americans, and American Indians. Like type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM) is also more common among obese women and those with a family history of diabetes.1
During pregnancy, women with gestational diabetes require treatment to normalize maternal
blood glucose levels and avoid complications for the infant. After pregnancy, the glucose
metabolism problems of pregnancy may resolve in many women, but 5% to 10% of women
with gestational diabetes will have diabetes, usually type 2. Women who have had gestational
diabetes have a 20% to 50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5 to 10 years.1
Other types of diabetes result from specific genetic conditions (such as maturity-onset
diabetes of youth), surgery, drugs, malnutrition, infections, and other illnesses. These types
of diabetes account for 1% to 5% of all diagnosed cases.1
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